I. LAYING PLANS
Sun Tzu said: The art of war is of vital importance to the State.
It is a matter of life and death, a road either to safety or to ruin.
Hence it is a subject of inquiry which can on no account be neglected.The art of war, then, is governed by five constant factors, to be taken into account in one’s deliberations, when seeking to determine the conditions obtaining in the field.
These are:
(1) The Moral Law;
(2) Heaven;
(3) Earth;
(4) The Commander;
(5) Method and discipline.
The Moral Law causes the people to be in complete accord with their ruler, so that they will follow him regardless of their lives, undismayed by any danger. Heaven signifies night and day, cold and heat, times and seasons. Earth comprises distances, great and small; danger and security; open ground and narrow passes; the chances of life and death.The Commander stands for the virtues of wisdom, sincerely, benevolence,
courage and strictness.By method and discipline are to be understood the marshaling of the army in its proper subdivisions, the graduations of rank among the officers, the maintenance of roads by which supplies may reach the army, and the control of military expenditure.
These five heads should be familiar to every general: he who knows them will be victorious; he who knows them not will fail.Therefore, in your deliberations, when seeking to determine the military conditions, let them be made the basis of a comparison, in this wise:--
(1) Which of the two sovereigns is imbued with the Moral law?
(2) Which of the two generals has most ability?
(3) With whom lie the advantages derived from Heaven and Earth?
(4) On which side is discipline most rigorously enforced?
(5) Which army is stronger?
(6) On which side are officers and men more highly trained?
(7) In which army is there the greater constancy both in reward and
punishment?
By means of these seven considerations I can forecast victory or defeat.The general that hearkens to my counsel and acts upon it, will conquer: let such a one be retained in command! The general that hearkens not to mycounsel nor acts upon it, will suffer defeat:--let such a one be dismissed!
While heading the profit of my counsel, avail yourself also of any helpful circumstances over and beyond the ordinary rules.According as circumstances are favorable, one should modify one’s plans. All warfare is based on deception.
Hence, when able to attack, we must seem unable; when using our forces, we must seem inactive; when we are near, we must make the enemy believe we are far away; when far away, we must make him believe we are near.Hold out baits to entice the enemy. Feign disorder, and crush him. If he is secure at all points, be prepared for him. If he is in superior strength, evade him. If your opponent is of choleric temper, seek to irritate him. Pretend to be weak, that he may grow arrogant.If he is taking his ease, give him no rest. If his forces are united, separate them. Attack him where he is unprepared, appear where you are not expected.These military devices, leading to victory, must not be divulged beforehand.
Now the general who wins a battle makes many calculations in his temple ere the battle is fought. The general who loses a battle makes but few calculations beforehand. Thus do many calculations lead to victory, and few calculations to defeat: how much more no calculation at all! It is by attention to this point that I can foresee who is likely to win or lose.
II. WAGING WAR
Sun Tzu said: In the operations of war, where there are in the field a
thousand swift chariots, as many heavy chariots, and a hundred thousand
mail-clad soldiers, with provisions enough to carry them a thousand li,
the expenditure at home and at the front, including entertainment of
guests, small items such as glue and paint, and sums spent on chariots and
armor, will reach the total of a thousand ounces of silver per day. Such is
the cost of raising an army of 100,000 men.
When you engage in actual fighting, if victory is long in coming, then men’s weapons will grow dull and their ardor will be damped. If you lay siege to a town, you will exhaust your strength. Again, if the campaign is protracted, the resources of the State will not be equal to the strain.
Now, when your weapons are dulled, your ardor damped, your strength exhausted and your treasure spent, other chieftains will spring up to take advantage of your extremity. Then no man, however wise, will be able to avert the consequences that must ensue. Thus, though we have heard of stupid haste in war, cleverness has never been seen associated with long delays.
There is no instance of a country having benefited from prolonged warfare.It is only one who is thoroughly acquainted with the evils of war that can thoroughly understand the profitable way of carrying it on.The skillful soldier does not raise a second levy, neither are his supplywagonsloaded more than twice.Bring war material with you from home, but forage on the enemy. Thus the army will have food enough for its needs.
Poverty of the State exchequer causes an army to be maintained by contributions from a distance. Contributing to maintain an army at a distance causes the people to be impoverished.On the other hand, the proximity of an army causes prices to go up; and high prices cause the people’s substance to be drained away.When their substance is drained away, the peasantry will be afflicted by heavy exactions.
13, With this loss of substance and exhaustion of strength, the homes of the people will be stripped bare, and three-tenths of their income will be dissipated; while government expenses for broken chariots, worn-out horses, breast-plates and helmets, bows and arrows, spears and shields, protective mantles, draught-oxen and heavy wagons, will amount to fourtenths of its total revenue.
Hence a wise general makes a point of foraging on the enemy. One cartload of the enemy’s provisions is equivalent to twenty of one’s own, and likewise a single picul of his provender is equivalent to twenty from one’s own store.
Now in order to kill the enemy, our men must be roused to anger; that there may be advantage from defeating the enemy, they must have their rewards. Therefore in chariot fighting, when ten or more chariots have been taken, those should be rewarded who took the first. Our own flags should be substituted for those of the enemy, and the chariots mingled and used in conjunction with ours. The captured soldiers should be kindly treated and kept.
This is called, using the conquered foe to augment one’s own strength.
In war, then, let your great object be victory, not lengthy campaigns.
Thus it may be known that the leader of armies is the arbiter of the people’s fate, the man on whom it depends whether the nation shall be in peace or in peril.
III. ATTACK BY STRATAGEM
Sun Tzu said: In the practical art of war, the best thing of all is to take the enemy’s country whole and intact; to shatter and destroy it is not so good. So, too, it is better to recapture an army entire than to destroy it, to capture a regiment, a detachment or a company entire than to destroy
them.
Hence to fight and conquer in all your battles is not supreme excellence; supreme excellence consists in breaking the enemy’s resistance without fighting.
Thus the highest form of generalship is to balk the enemy’s plans; the next best is to prevent the junction of the enemy’s forces; the next in order is to attack the enemy’s army in the field; and the worst policy of all is to besiege walled cities.
them.
Hence to fight and conquer in all your battles is not supreme excellence; supreme excellence consists in breaking the enemy’s resistance without fighting.
Thus the highest form of generalship is to balk the enemy’s plans; the next best is to prevent the junction of the enemy’s forces; the next in order is to attack the enemy’s army in the field; and the worst policy of all is to besiege walled cities.
The rule is, not to besiege walled cities if it can possibly be avoided. The preparation of mantlets, movable shelters, and various implements of war, will take up three whole months; and the piling up of mounds over against the walls will take three months more.
The general, unable to control his irritation, will launch his men to the assault like swarming ants, with the result that one-third of his men are slain, while the town still remains untaken. Such are the disastrous effects of a siege.
Therefore the skillful leader subdues the enemy’s troops without any fighting; he captures their cities without laying siege to them; heover throws their kingdom without lengthy operations in the field.
With his forces intact he will dispute the mastery of the Empire, and thus, without losing a man, his triumph will be complete. This is the method of attacking by stratagem.
It is the rule in war, if our forces are ten to the enemy’s one, to surround him; if five to one, to attack him; if twice as numerous, to divide our army into two. If equally matched, we can offer battle; if slightly inferior in numbers, we can avoid the enemy; if quite unequal in every way, we can flee from him.
Hence, though an obstinate fight may be made by a small force, in the end it must be captured by the larger force. Now the general is the bulwark of the State; if the bulwark is complete at all points; the State will be strong; if the bulwark is defective, the State will be weak. There are three ways in which a ruler can bring misfortune upon his army:--
The general, unable to control his irritation, will launch his men to the assault like swarming ants, with the result that one-third of his men are slain, while the town still remains untaken. Such are the disastrous effects of a siege.
Therefore the skillful leader subdues the enemy’s troops without any fighting; he captures their cities without laying siege to them; heover throws their kingdom without lengthy operations in the field.
With his forces intact he will dispute the mastery of the Empire, and thus, without losing a man, his triumph will be complete. This is the method of attacking by stratagem.
It is the rule in war, if our forces are ten to the enemy’s one, to surround him; if five to one, to attack him; if twice as numerous, to divide our army into two. If equally matched, we can offer battle; if slightly inferior in numbers, we can avoid the enemy; if quite unequal in every way, we can flee from him.
Hence, though an obstinate fight may be made by a small force, in the end it must be captured by the larger force. Now the general is the bulwark of the State; if the bulwark is complete at all points; the State will be strong; if the bulwark is defective, the State will be weak. There are three ways in which a ruler can bring misfortune upon his army:--
(1) By commanding the army to advance or to retreat, being ignorant of the fact that it cannot obey. This is called hobbling the army.
(2) By attempting to govern an army in the same way as he administers a kingdom, being ignorant of the conditions which obtain in an army. This causes restlessness in the soldier’s minds.
(3) By employing the officers of his army without discrimination, through ignorance of the military principle of adaptation to circumstances. This shakes the confidence of the soldiers.
But when the army is restless and distrustful, trouble is sure to come from the other feudal princes. This is simply bringing anarchy into the army, and flinging victory away.
Thus we may know that there are five essentials for victory:
(1) He will win who knows when to fight and when not to fight.
(2) He will win who knows how to handle both superior and
inferior forces.
(3) He will win whose army is animated by the same spirit
throughout all its ranks.
(4) He will win who, prepared himself, waits to take the enemy
unprepared.
(5) He will win who has military capacity and is not interfered with
by the sovereign.
Hence the saying: If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the result of a hundred battles. If you know yourself but not the enemy, for every victory gained you will also suffer a defeat. If you know neither the enemy nor yourself, you will succumb in every battle.
Sun Tzu said: The good fighters of old first put themselves beyond the possibility of defeat, and then waited for an opportunity of defeating the enemy.
To secure ourselves against defeat lies in our own hands, but the opportunity of defeating the enemy is provided by the enemy himself. Thus the good fighter is able to secure himself against defeat, but cannot make certain of defeating the enemy. Hence the saying: One may know how to conquer without being able to do it. Security against defeat implies defensive tactics; ability to defeat the enemy means taking the offensive.
(2) By attempting to govern an army in the same way as he administers a kingdom, being ignorant of the conditions which obtain in an army. This causes restlessness in the soldier’s minds.
(3) By employing the officers of his army without discrimination, through ignorance of the military principle of adaptation to circumstances. This shakes the confidence of the soldiers.
But when the army is restless and distrustful, trouble is sure to come from the other feudal princes. This is simply bringing anarchy into the army, and flinging victory away.
Thus we may know that there are five essentials for victory:
(1) He will win who knows when to fight and when not to fight.
(2) He will win who knows how to handle both superior and
inferior forces.
(3) He will win whose army is animated by the same spirit
throughout all its ranks.
(4) He will win who, prepared himself, waits to take the enemy
unprepared.
(5) He will win who has military capacity and is not interfered with
by the sovereign.
Hence the saying: If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the result of a hundred battles. If you know yourself but not the enemy, for every victory gained you will also suffer a defeat. If you know neither the enemy nor yourself, you will succumb in every battle.
IV. TACTICAL DISPOSITIONS
Sun Tzu said: The good fighters of old first put themselves beyond the possibility of defeat, and then waited for an opportunity of defeating the enemy.
To secure ourselves against defeat lies in our own hands, but the opportunity of defeating the enemy is provided by the enemy himself. Thus the good fighter is able to secure himself against defeat, but cannot make certain of defeating the enemy. Hence the saying: One may know how to conquer without being able to do it. Security against defeat implies defensive tactics; ability to defeat the enemy means taking the offensive.
Standing on the defensive indicates insufficient strength; attacking, a superabundance of strength.
The general who is skilled in defense hides in the most secret recesses of the earth; he who is skilled in attack flashes forth from the topmost heights of heaven. Thus on the one hand we have ability to protect ourselves; on the other, a victory that is complete.
To see victory only when it is within the ken of the common herd is not the acme of excellence. Neither is it the acme of excellence if you fight and conquer and the whole Empire says, “Well done!”
To lift an autumn hair is no sign of great strength; to see the sun and moon is no sign of sharp sight; to hear the noise of thunder is no sign of a quick ear. What the ancients called a clever fighter is one who not only wins, but excels in winning with ease.
Hence his victories bring him neither reputation for wisdom nor credit for courage. He wins his battles by making no mistakes. Making no mistakes is what establishes the certainty of victory, for it means conquering an enemy that is already defeated.
Hence the skillful fighter puts himself into a position which makes defeat impossible, and does not miss the moment for defeating the enemy. Thus it is that in war the victorious strategist only seeks battle after the victory has been won, whereas he who is destined to defeat first fights and afterwards looks for victory.
The consummate leader cultivates the moral law, and strictly adheres to method and discipline; thus it is in his power to control success. In respect of military method, we have, firstly, Measurement; secondly, Estimation of quantity; thirdly, Calculation; fourthly, Balancing of chances; fifthly, Victory.
Measurement owes its existence to Earth; Estimation of quantity to Measurement; Calculation to Estimation of quantity; Balancing of chances to Calculation; and Victory to Balancing of chances.
To lift an autumn hair is no sign of great strength; to see the sun and moon is no sign of sharp sight; to hear the noise of thunder is no sign of a quick ear. What the ancients called a clever fighter is one who not only wins, but excels in winning with ease.
Hence his victories bring him neither reputation for wisdom nor credit for courage. He wins his battles by making no mistakes. Making no mistakes is what establishes the certainty of victory, for it means conquering an enemy that is already defeated.
Hence the skillful fighter puts himself into a position which makes defeat impossible, and does not miss the moment for defeating the enemy. Thus it is that in war the victorious strategist only seeks battle after the victory has been won, whereas he who is destined to defeat first fights and afterwards looks for victory.
The consummate leader cultivates the moral law, and strictly adheres to method and discipline; thus it is in his power to control success. In respect of military method, we have, firstly, Measurement; secondly, Estimation of quantity; thirdly, Calculation; fourthly, Balancing of chances; fifthly, Victory.
Measurement owes its existence to Earth; Estimation of quantity to Measurement; Calculation to Estimation of quantity; Balancing of chances to Calculation; and Victory to Balancing of chances.
A victorious army opposed to a routed one, is as a pound’s weight placed
in the scale against a single grain. The onrush of a conquering force is like the bursting of pent-up waters into a chasm a thousand fathoms deep.
Sun Tzu said: The control of a large force is the same principle as the control of a few men: it is merely a question of dividing up their numbers.
Fighting with a large army under your command is nowise different from fighting with a small one: it is merely a question of instituting signs and signals. To ensure that your whole host may withstand the brunt of the enemy’s attack and remain unshaken-- this is effected by maneuvers direct and
indirect.
That the impact of your army may be like a grindstone dashed against an egg--this is effected by the science of weak points and strong.In all fighting, the direct method may be used for joining battle, but
indirect methods will be needed in order to secure victory.
Indirect tactics, efficiently applied, are inexhaustible as Heaven and Earth, unending as the flow of rivers and streams; like the sun and moon, they end but to begin anew; like the four seasons, they pass away to return once more.
There are not more than five musical notes, yet the combinations of these five give rise to more melodies than can ever be heard. There are not more than five primary colors (blue, yellow, red, white, and black), yet in combination they produce more hues than can ever been seen. There are not more than five cardinal tastes (sour, acrid, salt, sweet, bitter), yet combinations of them yield more flavors than can ever be tasted.
In battle, there are not more than two methods of attack--the direct and the indirect; yet these two in combination give rise to an endless series of maneuvers.The direct and the indirect lead on to each other in turn. It is like moving in a circle--
you never come to an end. Who can exhaust the possibilities of their combination? The onset of troops is like the rush of a torrent which will even roll stones along in its course.
The quality of decision is like the well-timed swoop of a falcon which enables it to strike and destroy its victim. Therefore the good fighter will be terrible in his onset, and prompt in his decision.
Energy may be likened to the bending of a crossbow; decision, to the releasing of a trigger.Amid the turmoil and tumult of battle, there may be seeming disorder and yet no real disorder at all; amid confusion and chaos, your array may be without head or tail, yet it will be proof against defeat.
Simulated disorder postulates perfect discipline, simulated fear postulates courage; simulated weakness postulates strength. Hiding order beneath the cloak of disorder is simply a question of subdivision; concealing courage under a show of timidity presupposes a fund of latent energy; masking strength with weakness is to be effected by tactical dispositions.
Thus one who is skillful at keeping the enemy on the move maintains deceitful appearances, according to which the enemy will act. He sacrifices something, that the enemy may snatch at it. The clever combatant looks to the effect of combined energy, and does not require too much from individuals. Hence his ability to pick out the right men and utilize combined energy.
When he utilizes combined energy, his fighting men become as it were like unto rolling logs or stones. For it is the nature of a log or stone to remain motionless on level ground, and to move when on a slope; if fourcornered, to come to a standstill, but if round-shaped, to go rolling down. Thus the energy developed by good fighting men is as the momentum of a round stone rolled down a mountain thousands of feet in height. So much on the subject of energy.
Sun Tzu said: Whoever is first in the field and awaits the coming of the
enemy, will be fresh for the fight; whoever is second in the field and has to
hasten to battle will arrive exhausted.
in the scale against a single grain. The onrush of a conquering force is like the bursting of pent-up waters into a chasm a thousand fathoms deep.
V. ENERGY
Sun Tzu said: The control of a large force is the same principle as the control of a few men: it is merely a question of dividing up their numbers.
Fighting with a large army under your command is nowise different from fighting with a small one: it is merely a question of instituting signs and signals. To ensure that your whole host may withstand the brunt of the enemy’s attack and remain unshaken-- this is effected by maneuvers direct and
indirect.
That the impact of your army may be like a grindstone dashed against an egg--this is effected by the science of weak points and strong.In all fighting, the direct method may be used for joining battle, but
indirect methods will be needed in order to secure victory.
Indirect tactics, efficiently applied, are inexhaustible as Heaven and Earth, unending as the flow of rivers and streams; like the sun and moon, they end but to begin anew; like the four seasons, they pass away to return once more.
There are not more than five musical notes, yet the combinations of these five give rise to more melodies than can ever be heard. There are not more than five primary colors (blue, yellow, red, white, and black), yet in combination they produce more hues than can ever been seen. There are not more than five cardinal tastes (sour, acrid, salt, sweet, bitter), yet combinations of them yield more flavors than can ever be tasted.
In battle, there are not more than two methods of attack--the direct and the indirect; yet these two in combination give rise to an endless series of maneuvers.The direct and the indirect lead on to each other in turn. It is like moving in a circle--
you never come to an end. Who can exhaust the possibilities of their combination? The onset of troops is like the rush of a torrent which will even roll stones along in its course.
The quality of decision is like the well-timed swoop of a falcon which enables it to strike and destroy its victim. Therefore the good fighter will be terrible in his onset, and prompt in his decision.
Energy may be likened to the bending of a crossbow; decision, to the releasing of a trigger.Amid the turmoil and tumult of battle, there may be seeming disorder and yet no real disorder at all; amid confusion and chaos, your array may be without head or tail, yet it will be proof against defeat.
Simulated disorder postulates perfect discipline, simulated fear postulates courage; simulated weakness postulates strength. Hiding order beneath the cloak of disorder is simply a question of subdivision; concealing courage under a show of timidity presupposes a fund of latent energy; masking strength with weakness is to be effected by tactical dispositions.
Thus one who is skillful at keeping the enemy on the move maintains deceitful appearances, according to which the enemy will act. He sacrifices something, that the enemy may snatch at it. The clever combatant looks to the effect of combined energy, and does not require too much from individuals. Hence his ability to pick out the right men and utilize combined energy.
When he utilizes combined energy, his fighting men become as it were like unto rolling logs or stones. For it is the nature of a log or stone to remain motionless on level ground, and to move when on a slope; if fourcornered, to come to a standstill, but if round-shaped, to go rolling down. Thus the energy developed by good fighting men is as the momentum of a round stone rolled down a mountain thousands of feet in height. So much on the subject of energy.
VI. WEAK POINTS AND STRONG
enemy, will be fresh for the fight; whoever is second in the field and has to
hasten to battle will arrive exhausted.
Therefore the clever combatant imposes his will on the enemy, but does
not allow the enemy’s will to be imposed on him.
By holding out advantages to him, he can cause the enemy to approach
of his own accord; or, by inflicting damage, he can make it impossible for
the enemy to draw near.
If the enemy is taking his ease, he can harass him; if well supplied with
food, he can starve him out; if quietly encamped, he can force him to
move.
Appear at points which the enemy must hasten to defend; march swiftly
to places where you are not expected.
An army may march great distances without distress, if it marches
through country where the enemy is not.
You can be sure of succeeding in your attacks if you only attack places
which are undefended.You can ensure the safety of your defense if you
only hold positions that cannot be attacked.
Hence that general is skillful in attack whose opponent does not know
what to defend; and he is skillful in defense whose opponent does not
know what to attack.
O divine art of subtlety and secrecy! Through you we learn to be
invisible, through you inaudible; and hence we can hold the enemy’s fate
in our hands.
You may advance and be absolutely irresistible, if you make for the
enemy’s weak points; you may retire and be safe from pursuit if your
movements are more rapid than those of the enemy.
If we wish to fight, the enemy can be forced to an engagement even
though he be sheltered behind a high rampart and a deep ditch. All we
need do is attack some other place that he will be obliged to relieve.
If we do not wish to fight, we can prevent the enemy from engaging us
even though the lines of our encampment be merely traced out on the
ground. All we need do is to throw something odd and unaccountable in
his way.
By discovering the enemy’s dispositions and remaining invisible
ourselves, we can keep our forces concentrated, while the enemy’s must be
divided.
We can form a single united body, while the enemy must split up into
fractions. Hence there will be a whole pitted against separate parts of a
whole, which means that we shall be many to the enemy’s few.
And if we are able thus to attack an inferior force with a superior one, our
opponents will be in dire straits.
The spot where we intend to fight must not be made known; for then the
enemy will have to prepare against a possible attack at several different
points; and his forces being thus distributed in many directions, the
numbers we shall have to face at any given point will be proportionately
few.
For should the enemy strengthen his van, he will weaken his rear; should
he strengthen his rear, he will weaken his van; should he strengthen his
left, he will weaken his right; should he strengthen his right, he will
weaken his left. If he sends reinforcements everywhere, he will everywhere
be weak.
Numerical weakness comes from having to prepare against possible
attacks; numerical strength, from compelling our adversary to make these
preparations against us.
Knowing the place and the time of the coming battle, we may
concentrate from the greatest distances in order to fight.
But if neither time nor place be known, then the left wing will be
impotent to succor the right, the right equally impotent to succor the left,
the van unable to relieve the rear, or the rear to support the van. How
much more so if the furthest portions of the army are anything under a
hundred LI apart, and even the nearest are separated by several LI!
Though according to my estimate the soldiers of Yueh exceed our own in
number, that shall advantage them nothing in the matter of victory. I say
then that victory can be achieved.
Though the enemy be stronger in numbers, we may prevent him from
fighting. Scheme so as to discover his plans and the likelihood of their
success.
Carefully compare the opposing army with your own, so that you may
know where strength is superabundant and where it is deficient.
In making tactical dispositions, the highest pitch you can attain is to
conceal them; conceal your dispositions, and you will be safe from the
prying of the subtlest spies, from the machinations of the wisest brains.
How victory may be produced for them out of the enemy’s own tactics--
that is what the multitude cannot comprehend.
All men can see the tactics whereby I conquer, but what none can see is
the strategy out of which victory is evolved.
Do not repeat the tactics which have gained you one victory, but let your
methods be regulated by the infinite variety of circumstances.
Military tactics are like unto water; for water in its natural course runs
away from high places and hastens downwards.
So in war, the way is to avoid what is strong and to strike at what is weak.
Water shapes its course according to the nature of the ground over which
it flows; the soldier works out his victory in relation to the foe whom he is
facing.
Therefore, just as water retains no constant shape, so in warfare there are
no constant conditions.
He who can modify his tactics in relation to his opponent and thereby
succeed in winning, may be called a heaven-born captain.
The five elements (water, fire, wood, metal, earth) are not always equally
predominant; the four seasons make way for each other in turn. There are
short days and long; the moon has its periods of waning and waxing.
VII. MANEUVERING
Sun Tzu said: In war, the general receives his commands from the
sovereign.
Having collected an army and concentrated his forces, he must blend and
harmonize the different elements thereof before pitching his camp.
After that, comes tactical maneuvering, than which there is nothing more
difficult. The difficulty of tactical maneuvering consists in turning the
devious into the direct, and misfortune into gain.
Thus, to take a long and circuitous route, after enticing the enemy out of
the way, and though starting after him, to contrive to reach the goal
before him, shows knowledge of the artifice of DEVIATION.
Maneuvering with an army is advantageous; with an undisciplined
multitude, most dangerous.
If you set a fully equipped army in march in order to snatch an advantage,
the chances are that you will be too late. On the other hand, to detach a
flying column for the purpose involves the sacrifice of its baggage and
stores.
Thus, if you order your men to roll up their buff-coats, and make forced
marches without halting day or night, covering double the usual distance
at a stretch, doing a hundred LI in order to wrest an advantage, the leaders
of all your three divisions will fall into the hands of the enemy.
The stronger men will be in front, the jaded ones will fall behind, and on
this plan only one-tenth of your army will reach its destination.
If you march fifty LI in order to outmaneuver the enemy, you will lose
the leader of your first division, and only half your force will reach the
goal.
If you march thirty LI with the same object, two-thirds of your army will
arrive.
We may take it then that an army without its baggage-train is lost;
without provisions it is lost; without bases of supply it is lost.
We cannot enter into alliances until we are acquainted with the designs of
our neighbors.
We are not fit to lead an army on the march unless we are familiar with
the face of the country--its mountains and forests, its pitfalls and
precipices, its marshes and swamps.
We shall be unable to turn natural advantage to account unless we make
use of local guides.
In war, practice dissimulation, and you will succeed.
Whether to concentrate or to divide your troops, must be decided by
circumstances.
Let your rapidity be that of the wind, your compactness that of the forest.
In raiding and plundering be like fire, is immovability like a mountain.
Let your plans be dark and impenetrable as night, and when you move,
fall like a thunderbolt.
When you plunder a countryside, let the spoil be divided amongst your
men; when you capture new territory, cut it up into allotments for the
benefit of the soldiery.
Ponder and deliberate before you make a move.
He will conquer who has learnt the artifice of deviation. Such is the art of
maneuvering.
The Book of Army Management says: On the field of battle, the spoken
word does not carry far enough: hence the institution of gongs and
drums. Nor can ordinary objects be seen clearly enough: hence the
institution of banners and flags.
Gongs and drums, banners and flags, are means whereby the ears and eyes
of the host may be focused on one particular point.
The host thus forming a single united body, is it impossible either for the
brave to advance alone, or for the cowardly to retreat alone. This is the art
of handling large masses of men.
In night-fighting, then, make much use of signal-fires and drums, and in fighting by day, of flags and banners, as a means of influencing the ears and eyes of your army. A whole army may be robbed of its spirit; a commander-in-chief may be robbed of his presence of mind.
Now a soldier’s spirit is keenest in the morning; by noonday it has begun to flag; and in the evening, his mind is bent only on returning to camp. A clever general, therefore, avoids an army when its spirit is keen, but attacks it when it is sluggish and inclined to return. This is the art of studying moods.
Disciplined and calm, to await the appearance of disorder and hubbub amongst the enemy:--this is the art of retaining self-possession. To be near the goal while the enemy is still far from it, to wait at ease while the enemy is toiling and struggling, to be well-fed while the enemy is famished:--this is the art of husbanding one’s strength.
To refrain from intercepting an enemy whose banners are in perfect order, to refrain from attacking an army drawn up in calm and confident array:--
this is the art of studying circumstances.
It is a military axiom not to advance uphill against the enemy, nor to oppose him when he comes downhill.
Do not pursue an enemy who simulates flight; do not attack soldiers whose temper is keen. Do not swallow bait offered by the enemy. Do not interfere with an army that is returning home. When you surround an army, leave an outlet free. Do not press a desperate foe too hard.Such is the art of warfare.
VIII. VARIATION IN TACTICS
Sun Tzu said: In war, the general receives his commands from the
sovereign, collects his army and concentrates his forces
When in difficult country, do not encamp. In country where high roads
intersect, join hands with your allies. Do not linger in dangerously
isolated positions. In hemmed-in situations, you must resort to
stratagem. In desperate position, you must fight.
There are roads which must not be followed, armies which must be not
attacked, towns which must be besieged, positions which must not be
contested, commands of the sovereign which must not be obeyed.
The general who thoroughly understands the advantages that accompany
variation of tactics knows how to handle his troops.
The general who does not understand these, may be well acquainted with
the configuration of the country, yet he will not be able to turn his
knowledge to practical account.
So, the student of war who is unversed in the art of war of varying his
plans, even though he be acquainted with the Five Advantages, will fail to
make the best use of his men.
Hence in the wise leader’s plans, considerations of advantage and of
disadvantage will be blended together.
If our expectation of advantage be tempered in this way, we may succeed
in accomplishing the essential part of our schemes.
If, on the other hand, in the midst of difficulties we are always ready to
seize an advantage, we may extricate ourselves from misfortune.
Reduce the hostile chiefs by inflicting damage on them; and make trouble
for them, and keep them constantly engaged; hold out specious
allurements, and make them rush to any given point.
The art of war teaches us to rely not on the likelihood of the enemy’s not
coming, but on our own readiness to receive him; not on the chance of his
not attacking, but rather on the fact that we have made our position
unassailable.
There are five dangerous faults which may affect a
general:
(1) Recklessness, which leads to destruction;
(2) cowardice, which leads to capture;
(3) a hasty temper, which can be provoked by insults;
(4) a delicacy of honor which is sensitive to shame;
(5) over-solicitude for his men, which exposes him to worry and
trouble.
These are the five besetting sins of a general, ruinous to the conduct of
war.
When an army is overthrown and its leader slain, the cause will surely be
found among these five dangerous faults. Let them be a subject of
meditation.
IX. THE ARMY ON THE MARCH
Sun Tzu said: We come now to the question of encamping the army, and
observing signs of the enemy. Pass quickly over mountains, and keep in
the neighborhood of valleys.
Camp in high places, facing the sun. Do not climb heights in order to
fight. So much for mountain warfare.
After crossing a river, you should get far away from it.
When an invading force crosses a river in its onward march, do not
advance to meet it in mid-stream. It will be best to let half the army get
across, and then deliver your attack.
If you are anxious to fight, you should not go to meet the invader near a
river which he has to cross.
Moor your craft higher up than the enemy, and facing the sun. Do not
move up-stream to meet the enemy. So much for river warfare.
In crossing salt-marshes, your sole concern should be to get over them
quickly, without any delay.
If forced to fight in a salt-marsh, you should have water and grass near
you, and get your back to a clump of trees. So much for operations in saltmarches.
In dry, level country, take up an easily accessible position with rising
ground to your right and on your rear, so that the danger may be in front,
and safety lie behind. So much for campaigning in flat country.
These are the four useful branches of military knowledge which enabled
the Yellow Emperor to vanquish four several sovereigns.
All armies prefer high ground to low and sunny places to dark.
If you are careful of your men, and camp on hard ground, the army will
be free from disease of every kind, and this will spell victory.
When you come to a hill or a bank, occupy the sunny side, with the slope
on your right rear. Thus you will at once act for the benefit of your
soldiers and utilize the natural advantages of the ground.
When, in consequence of heavy rains up-country, a river which you wish
to ford is swollen and flecked with foam, you must wait until it subsides.
Country in which there are precipitous cliffs with torrents running
between, deep natural hollows, confined places, tangled thickets,
quagmires and crevasses, should be left with all possible speed and not
approached.
While we keep away from such places, we should get the enemy to
approach them; while we face them, we should let the enemy have them
on his rear.
If in the neighborhood of your camp there should be any hilly country,
ponds surrounded by aquatic grass, hollow basins filled with reeds, or
woods with thick undergrowth, they must be carefully routed out and
searched; for these are places where men in ambush or insidious spies are
likely to be lurking.
When the enemy is close at hand and remains quiet, he is relying on the
natural strength of his position.
When he keeps aloof and tries to provoke a battle, he is anxious for the
other side to advance.
If his place of encampment is easy of access, he is tendering a bait.
Movement amongst the trees of a forest shows that the enemy is
advancing. The appearance of a number of screens in the midst of thick
grass means that the enemy wants to make us suspicious.
The rising of birds in their flight is the sign of an ambuscade. Startled
beasts indicate that a sudden attack is coming.
When there is dust rising in a high column, it is the sign of chariots
advancing; when the dust is low, but spread over a wide area, it betokens
the approach of infantry. When it branches out in different directions, it
shows that parties have been sent to collect firewood. A few clouds of dust
moving to and fro signify that the army is encamping.
Humble words and increased preparations are signs that the enemy is
about to advance. Violent language and driving forward as if to the attack
are signs that he will retreat.
When the light chariots come out first and take up a position on the
wings, it is a sign that the enemy is forming for battle.
Peace proposals unaccompanied by a sworn covenant indicate a plot.When there is much running about and the soldiers fall into rank, it
means that the critical moment has come.
When some are seen advancing and some retreating, it is a lure.
When the soldiers stand leaning on their spears, they are faint from want
of food.
If those who are sent to draw water begin by drinking themselves, the
army is suffering from thirst.
If the enemy sees an advantage to be gained and makes no effort to secure
it, the soldiers are exhausted.
If birds gather on any spot, it is unoccupied. Clamor by night betokens
nervousness.
If there is disturbance in the camp, the general’s authority is weak. If the
banners and flags are shifted about, sedition is afoot. If the officers are
angry, it means that the men are weary.
When an army feeds its horses with grain and kills its cattle for food, and
when the men do not hang their cooking-pots over the camp-fires,
showing that they will not return to their tents, you may know that they
are determined to fight to the death.
The sight of men whispering together in small knots or speaking in
subdued tones points to disaffection amongst the rank and file.
Too frequent rewards signify that the enemy is at the end of his resources;
too many punishments betray a condition of dire distress.
To begin by bluster, but afterwards to take fright at the enemy’s numbers,
shows a supreme lack of intelligence.
When envoys are sent with compliments in their mouths, it is a sign that
the enemy wishes for a truce.
If the enemy’s troops march up angrily and remain facing ours for a long
time without either joining battle or taking themselves off again, the
situation is one that demands great vigilance and circumspection.
If our troops are no more in number than the enemy, that is amply
sufficient; it only means that no direct attack can be made. What we can
do is simply to concentrate all our available strength, keep a close watch
on the enemy, and obtain reinforcements.
He who exercises no forethought but makes light of his opponents is sure
to be captured by them.
If soldiers are punished before they have grown attached to you, they will
not prove submissive; and, unless submissive, then will be practically
useless. If, when the soldiers have become attached to you, punishments
are not enforced, they will still be unless.
Therefore soldiers must be treated in the first instance with humanity,
but kept under control by means of iron discipline. This is a certain road
to victory.
If in training soldiers commands are habitually enforced, the army will be
well-disciplined; if not, its discipline will be bad.
If a general shows confidence in his men but always insists on his orders
being obeyed, the gain will be mutual.
X. TERRAIN
Sun Tzu said: We may distinguish six kinds of terrain, to wit:
(1) Accessible ground;
(2) entangling ground;
(3) temporizing ground;
(4) narrow passes;
(5) precipitous heights;
(6) positions at a great distance from the enemy.
Ground which can be freely traversed by both sides is called accessible.
With regard to ground of this nature, be before the enemy in occupying
the raised and sunny spots, and carefully guard your line of supplies. Then
you will be able to fight with advantage.
Ground which can be abandoned but is hard to re-occupy is called
entangling.
From a position of this sort, if the enemy is unprepared, you may sally
forth and defeat him. But if the enemy is prepared for your coming, and
you fail to defeat him, then, return being impossible, disaster will ensue.
When the position is such that neither side will gain by making the first
move, it is called temporizing ground.
In a position of this sort, even though the enemy should offer us an
attractive bait, it will be advisable not to stir forth, but rather to retreat,
thus enticing the enemy in his turn; then, when part of his army has come
out, we may deliver our attack with advantage.
With regard to narrow passes, if you can occupy them first, let them be
strongly garrisoned and await the advent of the enemy.
Should the army forestall you in occupying a pass, do not go after him if
the pass is fully garrisoned, but only if it is weakly garrisoned.
With regard to precipitous heights, if you are beforehand with your
adversary, you should occupy the raised and sunny spots, and there wait
for him to come up.
If the enemy has occupied them before you, do not
follow him, but retreat and try to entice him away.
If you are situated at a great distance from the enemy, and the strength of
the two armies is equal, it is not easy to provoke a battle, and fighting will
be to your disadvantage.
These six are the principles connected with Earth. The general who has
attained a responsible post must be careful to study them.
Now an army is exposed to six several calamities, not arising from natural
causes, but from faults for which the general is responsible. These are:
(1) Flight;
(2) insubordination;
(3) collapse;
(4) ruin;
(5) disorganization;
(6) rout.
Other conditions being equal, if one force is hurled against another ten
times its size, the result will be the flight of the former.
When the common soldiers are too strong and their officers too weak,
the result is insubordination. When the officers are too strong and the
common soldiers too weak, the result is collapse.
When the higher officers are angry and insubordinate, and on meeting
the enemy give battle on their own account from a feeling of resentment,
before the commander-in-chief can tell whether or no he is in a position
to fight, the result is ruin.
When the general is weak and without authority; when his orders are not
clear and distinct; when there are no fixes duties assigned to officers and
men, and the ranks are formed in a slovenly haphazard manner, the result
is utter disorganization.
When a general, unable to estimate the enemy’s strength, allows an
inferior force to engage a larger one, or hurls a weak detachment against a
powerful one, and neglects to place picked soldiers in the front rank, the
result must be rout.
These are six ways of courting defeat, which must be carefully noted by
the general who has attained a responsible post.
The natural formation of the country is the soldier’s best ally; but a
power of estimating the adversary, of controlling the forces of victory, and
of shrewdly calculating difficulties, dangers and distances, constitutes the
test of a great general.
He who knows these things, and in fighting puts his knowledge into
practice, will win his battles. He who knows them not, nor practices them,
will surely be defeated.
If fighting is sure to result in victory, then you must fight, even though
the ruler forbid it; if fighting will not result in victory, then you must not
fight even at the ruler’s bidding.
The general who advances without coveting fame and retreats without
fearing disgrace, whose only thought is to protect his country and do
good service for his sovereign, is the jewel of the kingdom.
Regard your soldiers as your children, and they will follow you into the
deepest valleys; look upon them as your own beloved sons, and they will
stand by you even unto death.
If, however, you are indulgent, but unable to make your authority felt;
kind-hearted, but unable to enforce your commands; and incapable,
moreover, of quelling disorder: then your soldiers must be likened to
spoilt children; they are useless for any practical purpose.
If we know that our own men are in a condition to attack, but are
unaware that the enemy is not open to attack, we have gone only halfway
towards victory.
If we know that the enemy is open to attack, but are unaware that our
own men are not in a condition to attack, we have gone only halfway
towards victory.
If we know that the enemy is open to attack, and also know that our men
are in a condition to attack, but are unaware that the nature of the ground
makes fighting impracticable, we have still gone only halfway towards
victory.
Hence the experienced soldier, once in motion, is never bewildered; once
he has broken camp, he is never at a loss.
Hence the saying: If you know the enemy and know yourself, your
victory will not stand in doubt; if you know Heaven and know Earth, you
may make your victory complete.
